Oedipus vs. Creon - 1174 Words

One City; Two Corrupt Leaders In the plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone by Sophocles, Oedipus and Creon exert similar characteristics as leaders that ultimately result in their characterization as tragic heroes. They take a similar course throughout their stories, which leads to a similar fate, resulting in tragedy. Both characters tried to revive a city in need, but in the process, the hubris they possessed got in the way. Both men had the chance to see that their actions would lead to a tragic ending, but neither one could see around their pride. Because of their tragic flaws, these two rulers caused great pain to themselves, their family and the people of Thebes. Although Oedipus and Creon ruled over Thebes at different times, the truth†¦show more content†¦With these uncontrollable fates, both Oedipus and Creon would experience enormous grievances, which would lead them to realize that Tiresias had been right all along and that they should have taken time to think over their actions. Both Oedipus and Creon experience terrible loses at the end of each play, which causes them to feel grief and remorse for their actions. After Oedipus receives the shocking revelation from Tiresias that he is the man that he has scorned and sentenced to exile, his mother, whom he married, kills herself and Oedipus realizes that all of his life he had been living a lie. Oedipus grieves over the loss of his beloved wife and mother but is also disgusted with himself. He cannot live with the shame of his incest, so he takes the broche from the dress of Jocasta and proceeds to blind himself. He is terribly upset over everything that has happened and cannot live with the reactions he fears he will get from the people of Thebes. Oedipus then follows through on the law he had set and exiles himself from the city. At the end of Antigone, Creon goes to the cave he has enclosed Antigone in, only to find his son Haimon has beaten him there and Antigone hanging from the roof of the c ave. Haimon is so angry with his father that upon Creon’s arrival to the cave, Haimon tries to stab Creon. He is unsuccessful, but then turns around and stabs himself. Creon has now lostShow MoreRelatedContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreThe Difference Between Good And Evil?978 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish CP10 Final Draft 16 Oct. 2014 O vs. C What is the difference between good and evil? How can one person’s life be more tragic than another? What is a tragedy? â€Å"A tragedy is a dramatic composition, often in verse, dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction† (Dictionary.com). The play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles includes different rulingsRead MoreComparison Of Oedipus The King And Antigone By Sophocles944 Words   |  4 Pageslearned from Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus caused his fate to become real by running from it. He killed his father and made love to his mother even though he had no idea who they were he was still punished. He passed the punishment of his sins to the rest of his family when he gouged out his eyeballs and banished himself from the city. In Antigone Oedipus’s sons killed each o ther in battle over the throne and helped Creon take over the throne. He madeRead MoreReview Of Oedipus Rex 1342 Words   |  6 PagesJake Gilman Modern Mythology Period 8 Fusaro Oedipus Rex Reading Questions What appears to be the function of the Chorus? - The chorus in Greek tragedies has a similar function to the narrator in various books and plays. It is an outside source that describes the actions of the characters, as well as their thoughts or feelings. Just like a narrator, the chorus can be used to foreshadow an upcoming event and provide more detail than what is said on stage. However, theRead MoreA Greek Play Created By Sophocles1608 Words   |  7 Pagesplay created by Sophocles around 335 BC, Oedipus the King tells a story about one man’s irony to find the previous’ king’s murderer to seek justice. Oedipus stops at nothing to find the killer. As he questions the citizens, he only finds himself to be the killer. In this essay we explore how one major event can create multiple forms of conflict. The conflicts of Human vs. supernatural, the predestined fate of Oedipus and the gods. Human vs. human, when Oedipus heeds no warnings and stops at nothingRead MoreOedipus Fate And Fate Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesSophocles discusses fate vs free will in his plays. In the play Oedipus Rex there was a prophecy that Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother, he attempts to escape his destiny by running away to Thebes where he meets his fate. In the play Antigone, that main character Antigone decides to go against Creon’s (her uncle who has inherited the throne) decree and bury the brother, Polynices, knowing the consequences would lead to her death. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone,Read MoreOedipus Rex Character Analysis1419 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus’s role, within the play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† to convey different emotions. The roles portrayed by the characters showcase that Sophocles specified each character to represent and illustrate a type of emotion and a specific trait that added to his play, while giving a profound plot with entertaining conflict. Sophocles’ tragedy â€Å"Oedipus Rex† demonstrates his uses of conscience/morality/religion vs. pride/power to illustrate the concept of woman vs. man. Oedipus’ pride and arrogance stands in theRead MoreOedipus The King : The Dramatic Twist Of Fate1148 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles wrote â€Å"Oedipus Rex† on C. 430 B.C.E as part of a trilogy, Oedipus the King was later translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald which still conveyed the dramatic twist of fate in this historic play. The introduction of this play begins with Oedipus’s father Laïos, King of Thebes, being warned through a prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife Iocaste, Queen of Thebes. Knowing that this could be his future Laïos try his best to change his fate, not knowing his fateRead More Sophocles Antigone – Comparing the Symbolic Alignment Utilized by Creon and President George Bush1023 Words   |  5 PagesUtilized by Creon and President George Bush ... he who has not first laid his foundations may be able with great ability to lay them afterwards, but they will be laid with trouble to the architect and danger to the building. - The Prince by Machiavelli Sophocles addresses this very problem in his play Antigone by the methods Creon uses to rule Thebes. Creon begins ruling Thebes in a very difficult time and circumstance. The polis has been embroiled in tragedy for over a generation. Creon must ruleRead MoreGilgamesh And Oedipus Essay904 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Gilgamesh vs. Oedipus No two men are alike in anyway, same goes for heroes and tragic heroes. A hero is someone who has given their life to be something bigger than oneself. A hero is someone who is brave, courageous and someone you look up to. Aristotle referred to a tragic hero as, â€Å"someone who makes their own judgement error that inevitably leads to their own destruction†. Gilgamesh and Oedipus were some of the biggest heroes in our literary studies. Gilgamesh and Oedipus lived their lives

Rape And Its Effects On Society Essay - 2317 Words

Rape is a topic that has been well discussed in today’s society, as well as throughout history. Rape tends to be defined or categorized as many different things. Campus rape is an increasingly apparent issue, in which there have been several different methods of action taken to help reduce the risk. Even though rape is one of those things that we will never be able to be put to an end to completely, there are ways to fight it and bring awareness to it. A great example of campus rape I will use in this paper would be Emma Sulkowicz, a student that was attending Columbia University, and was raped on the first day of her sophomore year, and the campaign she started, the â€Å"Mattress Performance (Carry the Weight),† in order to bring awareness to her case and campus rape in general. This incident was described by Sulkowicz as taking place in her dorm room, and she didn’t want to report it in the undesire of having to relive the trauma, but she eventually did after she encountered two other women who also said they had been raped by the same individual. A few months after she reported it to the school, a hearing was held and the guy Sulkowicz accused was not found guilty. She later filed for an appeal to Columbia’s Dean, but the school refused to expel her accused rapist. â€Å"Sulkowicz thought Columbia mishandled her case, and she is one of 23 students from Columbia and Barnard who filed federal Title IX complaints alleging the schools mishandled their cases.† (Mcdonald, 2014).Show MoreRelatedRape And Its Effect On Society1561 Words   |  7 Pagesunacceptable to society as a whole. The meaning of being raped is where the rapist forces sex upon their victim of the rapists choosing. Rape is a type of sexual behavior that is considered a deviant act that is unacceptable to society. At least, unacceptable in the United States since committing this type of criminal deviant act could result in being arrested if caught. Being the vi ctim of this deviant act can happen to anyone, at any age all around the world. The deviant individual that rapes their victimRead MoreRape And Its Effect On Society2136 Words   |  9 Pagesbehavior of rape. Unbeknownst to many, it is an epidemic in the U.S. military and unfortunately, very few steps are being taken to combat this enormous issue. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, rape is defined as forced sexual intercourse including both psychological coercion as well as physical force. Forced sexual intercourse means penetration by the offender(s). It includes attempted rapes of male, as well as female, victims, and both heterosexual and homosexual rape.† Therefore,Read MoreRape And Its Effect On Society Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pages Rape is a feeling like no other. Although, rape has a different definition for everybody, I define rape as any form of penetration i.e. penis, digits, or foreign object into the mouth, vagina or anal cavity without consent. The unwanted penetration of a woman or mans sexual organ by another person with any object is an intrusion and violation of the victims rights. There really is no way to prove or disprove my claim because the definition of rape, still today is up to the state that it occurs inRead MoreThe Effects Of Rape On Women And Society1608 Words   |  7 PagesHoward ENC1101 (155691) 11/13/15 ​​​​Impacts of Rape Rape is when a person is forced into sex and does not agree to it. Almost, two-thirds of America’s rape victims know their attacker. According to rccmsc.org, the closer the relationship is, between the victim and the attacker; the greater the likelihood that the incident will not be reported.Rape happens every 107 seconds in The United States of America. Rape has a major impact on women, society and the community, some things that women sufferRead MoreRape Culture And Its Effect On Society1532 Words   |  7 PagesRape culture is all around us; it lurks in advertisement, television shows, and movies, it’s even in our language objectifying women’s bodies. Rape culture is defined as â€Å"an environment in which rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused in the media and popular culture† (marshall.edu). Something to keep in mind, the term is called â€Å"rape culture† for a reason. â€Å"Culture† i s defined in anthropological terms as learned behaviors that are passed on from generationRead MoreRape Culture And Its Effect On Society Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesRape Culture is Internalized in Our Society Society has normalized rape culture. In our society, victims of sexual assault are blamed for their own assault, while those that assaulted them are often given reassuring words. However, in our society, rapists are often times excused for their actions while actual victims of sexual assault are scrutinized. Rape culture is internalized in our society from a young age through the normalization of sexualizing women, the excusing of rapists and the blamingRead MoreRape Culture And Its Effect On Society2129 Words   |  9 PagesThe term ‘rape culture’ was coined by feminists in the United States in 1970. The term itself was designed to illustrate the ways in which society blamed victims of sexual assault, and how the normalization of male sexual violence was acceptable. Rape culture can stem from the acceptance of rape as a daily occurrence, manifested as a male prerogative. There is a hesitation by the authorities to go against the patriarchal cultural norms, hence linkin g nonconsensual sex to the cultural dispositionRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Rape Culture in Modern Society 1107 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom of expression, statistics show rape and sexual assault numbers have risen due to the presence of rape culture in modern society. Rape culture promotes more assaults and violent acts, not only towards women but also towards men. Some evidence rape culture is present in today’s society are rising statistics showing that only three out of a hundred rapists see jail time and that over 17 million American women are victims of sexual assault every year. Rape culture is seen in every aspect of dailyRead MoreRape Culture And Rape Myths1634 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom getting raped. In this paper, I will discuss how living in a rape culture affects women and men, how does rape myths affect society and how we can change the negative effects of living in a rape culture and rape myths. In order to understand this, we must first define what r ape is. Rape is unwanted sexual attentions or actions that are directed to a person. Rape can happen to anyone but it is most common to happen women. Rape happens to women around the ages of 16-24 and it is â€Å"considered toRead MoreThe Research Phase Of This English Essay Consisted Of Many1740 Words   |  7 Pagesramifications of date rape, more in depth, the effects it has on the victims. I have had very little personal experience with this topic, as I have never experienced date rape firsthand, but I have been educated on the topic. During the summer, there was a sexual assault course called Haven that was a requirement for every student at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. This course contained information about rape, sexual assault, and the ways drugs can be used to rape people. After learning

Journal of my close friend Free Essays

My Close Friend Who is that? Is that your best friend? I am sure everyone had been asked by those questions in their life. So do l. So, what it is close friend? Close friend is someone who always cheers you up in no matter what happened either in happiness or sadness. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal of my close friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hangout, gossiping, playing, studying, shopping, laughing, crying, and so on, all you do is together with them, your best friends. In my life, I do have a close friend. She is my sunshine. She also is my rainbow after heavy rain had passed. I laughed with her. I cried with her. She never left me, so do l. We are a best friend. Forever, I will cherish our friendship. I still remember how I met her in our first meeting. On the first day of my high school, I went to school early. When I stepped in my class, I saw someone was sleeping in the corner of my class. I got a little shocked when looking at her. For sure because I do think she might be a ghost or someone who are homeless. But somehow, I told myself to be brave, so I came near to her then I realize, she also a student, same as me. I woke her up and she is awake. She looked at me innocently with her puffy eyes. Suddenly she cried hard in front of me. I was so anxious with that unexpected scene. Did I hurt her when I woke her up? When I asked her, she told me everything. Nothing less but it was about her heartbreaking. I Just listen to her and comfort her. Although it was a little awkward since that was the first time I met her, still, I feel comfortable with her. The feeling want to be her friend were strongly linger in myself. After that, we always keep in touch and end up as a best friend. Sharing all story together. When I was in trouble, she is ready for me and I had never leave by her side when she needs me. Where is she, there is always me by her side. That is why everyone called us a twin. She is a thin girl with a sweet smile. She is so cool most of time but when something had troubled her, I easily recognized it. All of her feeling is shown at her beautiful face without barriers. That is why I as her only best friend will always cheer her up. I love to see her smile and her sorrow are my first thing I must vanish away. I love her, my only best friend, Siti Najihah†¦ How to cite Journal of my close friend, Papers

Challenges of Mobile Cloud Computing-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Literature Review Opportunities Making Business with Mobile Computing. Answer: Introduction Mobile computing is the modern technological application through which the data, voice and video is transmitted through computer or any other wireless device, which do not need any fixed link. The concepts of mobile computing are: Mobile communication- The infrastructure that is placed for mobile communication that is carried out without any hurdle is known as mobile communication. Several devices are included like the protocols, services, bandwidth and the portals that are required for supporting the services. The format of the data is also discussed, this makes sure that it does not collide with other systems present that provide similar service. The media is not guided properly the overlaying infrastructure is primarily radio wave- based, which means that signals are taken over the air to the required destination or to the device that can receive or send same kinds of signals (Meeker 2015). Mobile Hardware The hardware of the mobile consists of elements that are capable of receiving and accessing the mobility service. The range from portable laptops, smartphones, tablets PCs, Personal Digital Assistants. This device consist of receptors that sense and receives signals. The configuration of the devices is done in a way that they can operate in complete duplex, where the receptors can send and receive signals simultaneously. There is no requirement for waiting for one device to finish communication, so that the other device can start the communication (Gikas and Grant 2013). Mobile software It is a program that operates on mobile hardware. It handles the characteristics and requirements of the mobile application. This can be referred as the main element or the engine of the mobile device. It can be said that it is the operating system of the appliance, it is the main element that operates on mobile device. Portability is the main factor in this type of computing, it makes sure that the users do not tie or pin to any particular location, rather they can be operated from any location. It involves all the aspects of wireless communications (Gikas and Grant 2013).Many mobile computing startups get funded by investors almost every month. All around the world new entrepreneurs are coding striving to make a big invention in this area (Dinh et al. 2013). The various opportunities in this area are: Transportation Now a days there are car rental services are available online, the cars have hot-pink furry mustaches that signals that the cars are for hire. Any of the car owners can become a driver and fares for the commuters who use the various car rental online apps. This business is very beneficial and one can earn 20 percent of the earning from each ride, Zimride is an example for this type of business. Zimride, Uber and SideCar use smartphones that compete with the taxi industries. Companies that have mobile apps have a great advantage in numerical terms (Gikas and Grant 2013). Internet access In the underdeveloped countries people still use feature phones which have prepaid minutes. People are shifting to the smart phones but the data plan is too expensive for the people to have an internet access. According to Blaast, a startup of Helsinki, Finland, the only way to target these markets is to shrink the different apps used by people and make operational over older, slower wireless networks. Blaast specializes in compressing the caches streamlined version of the different apps like Facebook, Twitter, which provides accessibility to a package of applications for 5 to 10 percent a day (Shaikh, Hanafizadeh and Karjaluoto 2017). Tagstand is a San Fransisco based startup, that is popular for selling cheap near field communication (NFC) tags used for sticking and communicating information or commands over short distances, to any other phone that also has a NFC chip. There are switch on alarm, switch off alarm, silent tags that are used for using the desired feature without even accessing the phone, it can be done just by sticking to the required tags. In theatres this types of tags can be used to put the mobile phones on the Silent mode (Gikas and Grant 2013). Phone Security With the advancement of the technology the hackers are also becoming smart day by day, they keenly follow the various developments in the area of technology. One such security app is Lookout which is used by more than 30 million people. It is an software for android that can be downloaded for free it scans malware and gives backup to smart phone contacts. The features of this app involves, signal flare, which helps in finding or locating a missing phone by logging its location in battery is dying mode and locking the camera, this will without any sound take the photo of anyone who is trying to unlock the phone and fails three times (Shaikh, Hanafizadeh and Karjaluoto 2017). Online Shopping and E-commerce One of the most blessed area through the mobile computing is the E-commerce sector, now shopping has mostly gone digital as because due to scarcity of time prefer to buy clothes, electronics, packaged food and even groceries and vegetables online. The customers will have to down the app of various shopping portals like ebay and Amazon and buy anything they want ranging from books, clothes, accessories to groceries, some portals do not charge the shipping cost and some of the portals they charge the shipping cost (Jiang, Yang and Jun 2013). The products that people buy online can are available at cheaper rates which makes it very favorable for the customers to choose these online portals for shopping and buying all the necessary goods (Laudon and Traver 2013). Credit card Payments Another application of mobile computing can be seen in the area of credit card payments, various apps have been developed so that the online payment can be done. The smartphones and the tablets have brought changes in the way people used to make payments. A startup in this area is Braintree, which is made for the processing of the credit card payments, this is used by the high profile merchants. Brainee has alos launched Venmo Touch, it is an app that will allow any other app to process the payment with the help of one touch, if the credit card information of a person is already registered. This feature is available in other popular apps like, the last-minute hotel booker HotelTonight and TaskRabbit (Gerpott and Thomas 2014). Online payment Apart from the credit card payment facilities, there are several applications that help the users to make the payment online, for which credit card is not required but the payment can be done through the debit cards as well. Paytm is one such app that is used for making online payments, many hotels, restaurants and retail stores accept the Paytm payment where people have to register to the app and fund can be transferred from one user to another registered users. They will have to give some details about the card and the amount will be debited from their account, this app is completely secure and is being used by many people (Shaikh, Hanafizadeh and Karjaluoto 2017). Online Hotel Booking Oyo Hotels is one such app that reduces the effort of the travelers in searching hotels, with the help of the app the travelers can search for hotels of their desired category in their desired locations. They can book rooms in the hotel and save their time and energy by manually searching for hotels (Wang et al. 2016). Online Ticketing Online ticketing is another luxury that people has been blessed with since the advancement of technology, people can now book their train, bus or air tickets online based on the availability of the tickets. Having apps installed in their phones and tablets they can easily book tickets from anywhere (Suki and Suki 2017). Communication It has really become easier for business to carry out the various marketing and communication activities. The products and campaigns of the different brands are now easily promoted in very less expenditure. Since people mostly have smart phones they can easily check the promotional activities of the different brands and participate. Communication has become very easy, in social networking platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagrams, products are being promoted, since people have smart phones which have all these app installed, people check the updates and feedback is immediately given by them. This particular advantage of mobile computing has really worked in the favor of the companies (Raj, Francesco and Das 2012). Food delivery system Another business through mobile computing that is gaining popularity is the food delivery apps. Apps like Swiggy and food Panda are being used widely for getting food delivered. Users are required to download the app and register, those who want to order food from any of their favorite restaurants, they can, their food will be delivered by the different service providers in this area, provided that the restaurant should have a partnership with any of this companies. People will not have to download the app and the food will be delivered (Coughlin et al. 2015). Advantages of Mobile computing An advantage of Mobile Computing Mobile computing has made its very easy for the users to work from anywhere if proper connection is available to them. It is not necessary that the user will have to to be in any fixed position. The mobility makes sure that it is capable for performing a variety of tasks at the same time (Khan 2013). It saves a lot of time, because one does not need to travel to any other locations for their various works to be done. File transfer and sharing has become easier and people can transfer their files through the secure channel and do their tasks as if they were on their own computers. It has improvised the telecommunication in many companies. Unnecessary costs and expenses (Dinh et al. 2013). The apps ensures productivity because the users can easily work from any location they desire. Mobile computing has made research easier, people earlier used to go the the field for conducting the research but now the scenario has changed as they can do the research w ork in their mobile phones. Another major advantage is that video and audio files can be easily downloaded and shared to any preferred location. People now have access to a wide range of movies, music, informational, educational and news programs from the various apps that are available in their mobile phones either pre installed or they can buy from any of the online stores. Various process of business can be availed very easily with the help of secure connections. As far as security is concerned sufficient measures are taken to ensure there is complete security and privacy is maintained. Many confidential messages are transferred online therefore; the safety security of the data is to be maintained. Communication has improved since the technological revolution has been carried out, with the help of video conferencing and voice conferencing, meetings, seminars and webinars are conducted these days. The expenditure on travel has reduced for attending the meetings and conferences (Hu et al. 2015). Disadvantages of Mobile computing There are certain disadvantages of mobile computing, one such is that since there is a he scope for business through mobile computing, many startups are launched in the market almost every day, this raises concern to a great extent about the security, information are transferred because people find these apps convenient but there are chances of mismanagement of the information. Another disadvantage is that all these app require a secure and efficient internet connection, then only the process can be carried out smoothly or else there are very less chances that the work for which these apps are designed (Murdoch and Anderson 2014). Network can often become main constrains of this applications. Another disadvantage is that the with the advanced technology, people who carry out the cyber crimes, the cyber bullies are also becoming very smart day by day (Meeker 2015). They have been finding out ways to disrupt the secure network somehow and carry out the various cyber crimes. This has be en acting as one of the major disadvantages of the mobile computing, which has made this business a little insecure, and the trust of the customers in such is very difficult to be gained. The payment apps if not secure poses a great threat to the users bank account (Alizadeh and Hassan 2013). References Alizadeh, M. and Hassan, W.H., 2013, July. Challenges and opportunities of mobile cloud computing. InWireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2013 9th International(pp. 660-666). ieee. Coughlin, S.S., Whitehead, M., Sheats, J.Q., Mastromonico, J., Hardy, D. and Smith, S.A., 2015. Smartphone applications for promoting healthy diet and nutrition: a literature review.Jacobs journal of food and nutrition,2(3), p.021. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Gerpott, T.J. and Thomas, S., 2014. Empirical research on mobile Internet usage: A meta-analysis of the literature.Telecommunications Policy,38(3), pp.291-310. Gikas, J. and Grant, M.M., 2013. Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones social media.The Internet and Higher Education,19, pp.18-26. Hu, Y.C., Patel, M., Sabella, D., Sprecher, N. and Young, V., 2015. Mobile edge computingA key technology towards 5G.ETSI White Paper,11(11), pp.1-16. Jiang, L., Yang, Z. and Jun, M., 2013. Measuring consumer perceptions of online shopping convenience.Journal of Service Management,24(2), pp.191-214. Khan, A.N., Kiah, M.M., Khan, S.U. and Madani, S.A., 2013. Towards secure mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(5), pp.1278-1299. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013.E-commerce. Pearson. Meeker, M., 2015. Internet trends 2015-code conference.Glokalde,1(3). Murdoch, S.J. and Anderson, R., 2014, March. Security protocols and evidence: Where many payment systems fail. InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security(pp. 21-32). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Raj, M., Di Francesco, M. and Das, S.K., 2012. Secure Mobile Cloud Computing.Handbook on Securing Cyber-Physical Critical Infrastructure, pp.411-429. Shaikh, A.A., Hanafizadeh, P. and Karjaluoto, H., 2017. Mobile Banking and Payment System: A Conceptual Standpoint.International Journal of E-Business Research (IJEBR),13(2), pp.14-27. Suki, N.M. and Suki, N.M., 2017. Flight ticket booking app on mobile devices: Examining the determinants of individual intention to use.Journal of Air Transport Management,62, pp.146-154. Wang, D., Xiang, Z., Law, R. and Ki, T.P., 2016. Assessing hotel-related smartphone apps using online reviews.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,25(3), pp.291-313.

A Devoted Son free essay sample

Anita Desai’s story is all about duty and devotion. It draws a picture of the life of a son. The son is brought up by his father, starts earning his livelihood and then, dutifully looks after his father. However, crisis develops as his father, whimsical due to age, starts misinterpreting his son’s treatment. The question that the story posse is that how long should a son take care of his father? What should be the extent of his dutifulness and obedience? This is a problem of the modern world caused by the busy life. It becomes difficult to attend to the whims of the elderly people after a days’ hard work. But should the duty and the toleration end? Or should a person remain ever dutiful? Should sacrifices be made on our part or should we continue to be self-centered and move and move our own way. The world has both instances of both but which is more acceptable? Rakesh was a son born to illiterate parents. We will write a custom essay sample on A Devoted Son or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was the first to receive education in his generation and how well he utilized it. Villagers felt proud as Rakesh stood first though the jealousy factor didn’t cease to exist. His education took him to the United States of America but to everyone’s surprise, he returned to his country to marry an Indian removing all doubts to marry a foreigner. His devotion towards his parents was proud when he married an uneducated girl of their choice. The girl too was good natured and they were soon blessed with a son. Rakesh’s rise continued and he soon went to the top of the administrative organization, bought a car and thus it was the beginning of his fortune. However, he did not forget his parents and he did take them out in his brand new car. Rakesh was not only devoted but was also good natured. He obeyed his parents, humored his wife, hosted his friends, and in addition, was an excellent doctor. However, Rakesh’s joyride was short-lived. His mother passed away which also ensured his father’s breakdown. Old age caught up with his father and it was difficult to distinguish between his peevish whims and matters of significance. A birthday party for the youngest son had to be broken up at once, when they discovered that the old man was on the verge of death. The old man, however continued to live much longer thereafter. Rakesh however, accepted his fate and its’ twist. He brought his father’s morning tea, read the newspapers and visited his father after returning from the clinic. All these couldn’t make the father happy and the situation worsened when Rakesh as a father began to supervise his diet. The supervision which included the cutting down on oily, fried stuff, sweets and beetle nut was seen as a sort of disrespect and mal-treatment by his father. The matter was so serious that the old man even went to the extent of complaining to his neighbors. Rakesh couldn’t help but be sterner. He as a doctor believed that strictness was better where his father’s health was concerned. The old man even tried to bribe his grand children which were met with strong reproach from Rakesh. The father-son relationship began to go haywire. The old man began to hate his son and his daughter-in-law. The wife of Rakesh stayed out of trouble tactfully and Rakesh, able to feel every pulse, neglected nothing about his father. He made constant and repeated attempts to make improvement in his father’s mental and physical health. His efforts went in vain. This is the poignant question that we face to continue or discontinue service of a son to his father. This is a matter of both culture and tradition. Old age is also called the second childhood. We are always tender to a child in spite of his naughtiness and undue demands. Similarly, we should treat elderly people the same way. We don’t discard children because they disturb us. In case of old people, we become biased, as we have seen them wise and matured before our own eyes. The grey cells become disfuntioning in old age and so elderly people behave in a childish way. Life is hard and difficult and all of us have our own share of problems. However, the rise above limitation will only make us better human beings. Patience and sacrifice shaped our hallmark. We should understand our own maturity and wisdom are not lost and this would help us to be kinder to them. Old age is cyclic and all of us would step into its shoes one day. The remembrance of this fact can wake us up to the reality of this life. Rakesh, in spite of everything else understood this, which made him stand apart and above from the rest.

Research Paper on Women

Research Paper on Women Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has, commented Margaret Mead after a lifetime of observing diversity in cultures from around the world. After 150 years of fighting for equality among the sexes, people today have no idea of the struggle that women went through so that women of future generations could have the same privileges as men. Seven generations have come since the womens rights movement and the women of these generations have different opportunities in family life, religion, government, employment, and education that women fought for. The Womens Rights Movement began with a small group of people that questioned why human lives, especially those of women, were unfairly constricted. These women also worked deliberately to create a better world. The movement marks it’s beginning as July 13, 1848. This movement didn’t just happen because someone thought that it was time for women to have the same rights as men, women of all ages came together at the start of it in order to fight for equality among the sexes. Women have affected changes in laws and human nature by holding meetings, petition drives, lobbying, public speaking, and also by demonstrating nonviolent resistance. Leaders of the movement fought for freedom in family life, government, religion, employment, and education. Over the years, they have successfully gained access to these freedoms and luxuries because a group of women never gave up and fought for the things that they believed in. As a leader of the Women’s Rights Movement, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments which drew its inspiration form the Declaration of Independence. Through this declaration, Stanton enumerated areas of life where women were treated unjustly compared to the treatment of men. By using this writing, Stanton campaigned for women’s rights by paralleling them to the American Symbol of Liberty. The most famous arguments from the writing that are heard over and over again throughout the duration of the movement was: We hold these truths to be self- evident by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, a and the pursuit of happiness. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having indirect object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to candid word, said Stanton of the abuses of women. After having said this, she went into the specific abuses. The offenses included: married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law, women were not allowed to vote, women had to submit to laws when thber had no voice in the in their formation, married women had no property rights, husbands had legal power over women and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity, divorces and child custody favored men and gave no rights to women, women has to pay property taxes even though they could not have any access to property ownership, most occupancies were closed to women but the women who worked earned a fraction of the salary of men, women were not allowed to enter p rofessions, women had no right to and education after high school, women could very rarely partake in any church function, and finally, women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, therefore making them completely dependent on men. Upon introducing those offenses to other women, Stanton and other leaders of the movement began planning the first Womens Rights International Convention that was to be held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848. During the two-days of discussion at the convention, the Declaration of Sentiments and twelve other resolutions received unanimous endorsement. The only resolution that did not pass was the call for women’s enfranchisement. To most, the idea that women should have the right to vote was inconceivable and unheard of. The suffrage victory drew near in 1919. Around this time, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was in the process of reconfiguring itself into the League of Women Voters. Through this league, members would ensure that women would take their hard-won vote seriously. They would also make sure that women used the privilege wisely. Shortly after the formation of the League of Women Voters, the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labor began in 1920. The purpose for establishing the Bureau was to gather information about the situation of women at work. It also advocated for changes that it saw necessary to society. Many women voters also became actively involved by lobbying for legislation to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe working conditions. The Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor served as inspiration for Alice Paul, a Women’s Rights Movement leader, to draft the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. She thought that this would be the wisest step in the fight for equality among the sexes. This Amendment would guarantee that women would be granted the same rights as men. Basically, women would be guaranteed employment of their choice and a higher education if they so desired, regardless of their location. After women had won the fight for basic freedoms and privileges, a second-wave of the Womens Rights Movement began rapidly approaching in the sixties. This part of the movement was called the Birth Control Movement. A public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, initiated this part of the Women’s Rights Movement. In her opinion, if women had the right to vote and other privileges, then they should have the right to control their own body, especially when it came to their own reproduction and their own sexuality. The goal of this wave was to allow women the privilege of deciding whether they would become mothers or not and if so, when that would happen. Throughout this time, women began to advocate for women’s reproductive rights and surrogate motherhood. They also began to fight for protection from pornography and sexual harassment. In the fight for women’s reproductive rights, women fought for the right to terminate pregnancy through abortion or prevent pregnancy through birth control pills. For the surrogate motherhood issue, some women argued that it was the free right of women to rent out their womb. In other words, they thought that it was their right to have children for the women who couldnt bare children. In the struggle for protection from pornography, women argued that it could be potentially dangerous for women and that it was degrading to them. Some women also said that pornography was a free speech issue and that women could choose for themselves what they wanted because of the First Amendment. In the debate over sexual harassment, women wanted more protection and punishment from sex offenders because of the trauma that rape puts women through. In their defense, it also causes oftentimes-serious medical problems as well as emotional trauma. In the fight for reproductive rights, sexual harassment also alluded towards abortion. One of the topics brought up was that if a woman was raped and she got pregnant from the offender, she should have the right to abort the pregnancy because it was unwanted. Thus, these topics brought about the most serious and controversial issue that is still being debated over today: abortion. Abortion is often considered one of the most controversial issues of the post-suffrage movement. Abortion is a surgical procedure in which the fetus is killed in many different ways. The most popular form is by partial- birth abortion in which the doctor delivers almost the entire unborn baby except for the head. Once the body is out, the doctor then drills a hole in the baby’s head and sticks a catheter inside the baby to suction out the brain. This cause the baby’s heads to collapse and in turn kills the baby. The issue of abortion was first brought up in front of the Supreme Court in 1973 when t6he Roe vs. Wade case was introduced. This case legalized all abortions. The courts decided that it was the right of women to decide whether they wanted to have a child if they were to get pregnant. Although abortion is a very emotional and controversial subject, it is also something that women have to decide for themselves. Many of the rights that women have won because of the Womens Rights Movement are based on opinions. Women can either take advantage of their freedoms and privileges, or they can just not do anything about it. For instance, it is basically up to a woman if she decides to vote or not. The womens rights controversy does not only exist in the United States. In many other parts of the world, such as India, women suffer from discrimination because of their gender. They suffer from many grievances that women from previous generations suffered from before they started the Women’s rights Movement. Women and men will enjoy, in practice, equal rights, equal access to and control over productive resources, education, health, land, other forms of property, shelter, credit, information, knowledge, skills, technology and markets by adoption of affirmative action wherever necessary, and by the removing identified impediments. This was an excerpt from India’s country paper at the Fourth United Nations Conference that dealt with women’s rights. Many of the inequalities that women suffer from in India are rooted in the traditions of its communities and are both social and cultural in nature. Under the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, India is legally obligated to protect women’s rights. Also, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantees that women’s political and civil rights will be protected by the Indian government. Both of these state that all states parties will take all appropriate measures that will eliminate discrimination against women in all aspects of Indian culture. The CEDAW also ensures that parties will modify all social and cultural patterns in the conduct of men and women. In doing this, superiority will not be placed on men and will be shared equally among men and women. In India, women are looked down on because they are supposedly not as capable as men. In some cases, abortions are performed in India once the mother and father find out whether their unborn baby is supposed to be a girl or boy. Mothers choose to do this because girls are not considered to be as fit as boys. They also do this to avoid paying large dowries on the marriage of their daughter. The beliefs that girls are not as fit as boys have to do with the social and cultural beliefs. In India, having a girl means many different things from bad luck to financial ruin and extreme hardship. Women in India also have to worry about the threat of rape. Rape is often targeted more towards women belonging to lower castes and tribal women. This is because women of lower castes and tribal women are very rarely acknowledged because of social and cultural norms. As in other countries all over the world, rape is extremely common in India. Regardless of where you live, what country you go to visit, there is going to be discriminations placed on women because of gender. Unfortunately, in some countries, women would be arrested for standing up for what they believe in. Women in the United States stood up for what they believed in without being punished for it in most cases because of the First Amendment. Women in other countries are often sometimes afraid to voice their opinions because of the consequences of doing so. In some countries, the standard for criminal offenses are very different from that of the United States and the punishment terms are often very different. So in conclusion, regardless of where you go, equality among the sexes is an ongoing battle for women. They fight for the basic rights of humans while fighting against traditions and social and cultural norms. Women today are faced with so many more opportunities than women of previous generations. However, many women are held back from these opportunities because of the belief of men that they are superior to women. Basically, no matter what women do, there will always be discrimination against women whether it is for employment opportunities or educational opportunities. In today’s world, women have won many more privileges because of how much times have changed since the start of the Women’s Rights Movement. As stated before, the struggle is an ongoing battle that will most likely never end.

Western v. Sooner Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Western v. Sooner - Case Study Example Subcontract taking after which a manifestation of subcontract, unsigned by Western, was sent by Hastie to Sooner for execution and come back to Western for execution by Western at its home office in Iowa. On the hot blend surface this composed subcontract presented by Hastie held a cost of $7.82 for every ton subsequently however completed not accommodate installment by the tenth of the month. Rather, it accommodated halfway installments to Sooner, less a held rate of 10%, as Western was paid on appraisals by the manager and last installment to Sooner upon complete execution of the subcontract inside 45 days after last installment is accepted from the holder by Western (Gillies, 2000). Lemon denied that an oral subcontract was concurred upon on July 15, 1963, with Hastie and denied that any exchanges were even had whereby Sooner might consent to the $7.82 cost with the retainage procurement and last installment procurement as above set out rather than installment for the hot blend surface by the tenth of the month. Pybas, who affirmed that he was with Lemon at all times going to, at and from the Tinker meeting on July 15, 1963, likewise denied any oral assent to the subcontract or any talks about the reduced cost of $7.82 being pleasant without installment by the tenth of the month. Lemon affirmed that not long after getting the composed subcontract from Hastie he called Hastie on the telephone a few times and questioned the easier cost of $7.82 for every ton without installment being accommodated by the tenth of the month as per his cited terms. Hastie recognized a few phone discussions after July 15, 1963, with Lemon in regards to the retainage and that Hastie p roposed in one of these discussions a decrease of the retainage to just half of the work. Hastie further affirmed that Lemon never provided for him a response to this suggestion. Hastie and Lemon,

The decisions of a council in regulating operations within its Essay

The decisions of a council in regulating operations within its jurisdiction - Essay Example The researcher states that subject to the Food Vending (control) Act 2009, local councils are empowered to regulate trade within their geographical jurisdictions through licensing. The act provides that local councils, within their localities, can authorize trade in food substances through licensing and ensure regulation through revocation of licenses whose owners contravene requirements of the act. Subject to section 2 of the act, licenses can be revoked for misconduct or on grounds that the food supplies offered by the licensee are not safe for human consumption. The cases are based on the principle of delegated legislation and authority, and the scope of such legislations and authority. As a source of law, subsidiary bodies such as local councils and other government agencies are permitted to make laws and facilitate implementation of the laws. Similarly, authority may be delegated for implementation of primary legislation through formulation of policies. One of the basic principl es of such delegated legislations and authority is that they are limited to provisions of their parent acts that mandated them and any other superior source of law. A delegated legislation or authority can therefore not exercise more powers than is provided for by its authorizing legislation. In order to check on the concept of ultra ‘viresness’, the courts, when called upon, review implementation of delegated legislations to ensure that the agencies do not misuse authority to undermine rights and freedoms of their subjects.1 The scope of judicial review involves examination of the policy or decision in question to either approve, reverse or propose amendments to it. In exercising its review of delegated legislation, the courts look into a number of considerations. The first consideration is the conformity of the delegated legislation or authority to the powers as granted by the parent act. The aim of the courts would be to determine that the decision made in formulatio n or implementation

Prison Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison Gangs - Essay Example The violence might be the cause of this gender based bias. Men tend to be more violent in prison than women. The need to join a gang for protection becomes a necessity in a male prison due to the excessive violence. In the end, prison gangs are dictated by race, class, and gender. Gangs emerged on the street during the sixties and seventies. At first gangs were like formed like the Guardian Angels in New York City. Gangs developed out of the Civil Rights Movement ironically. Black Panthers and other minority groups formed gangs to patrol their neighborhoods against corrupt officers that would lynch and kill in the aftermath of the African American’s victory of the Civil Rights Movement. White bikers formed clubs (gangs) after returning from the Vietnam War, they wanted to get together drink and forget the war. When the drug trade was introduced in the late seventies and early eighties, gangs became the gun toting, drug dealing and violent criminals that are known today. Despite law enforcements gang unit and suppression measures, gangs are still a major problem across the United States. One problem of trying to suppress gangs is the availability of new recruits. One scholarly paper suggests: Another consequence of suppression efforts is that such efforts may promote substitution effects, whereby the removed gang member is simply replaced by another gang associate or recruit. Still yet, the use of suppression efforts may lead to an over-reliance on these measures and may mask other appropriate but less intensive alternatives to deal with gang members. (Trulson, Marquart, and Kawucha 2008) Gang units arrest gang members, normally resulting in long prison terms. The gang members taken off the street continue to live the gang lifestyle in prison. Thus law enforcement has to have strategies on the streets and behind prison walls. Race is the number one factor in male prison gangs. Gang membership is considered on a race basis. The Aryan

The act of labeling people with mental illness

The act of labeling people with mental illness Human begins have been labeling people since the beginning of time. It is human nature to put labels on people in an attempt to better understand someone. People us labeling for example when they see a group of people wearing the same clothing and listening to the same music, and this is roughly the same concept used to help psychologist know what is happening to a patient. (Lain). â€Å"Psychologist is most likely to able to help individuals who are suffering from mental disorders when they can make an accurate pyschodiagnosis, an attempt to describe, asses, and systematically draw inferences about an individuals psychological disorder.†(Sue, David). Over the years, the meaning behind labeling has changed. In the nineteen forties, labeling a person moron and idiot was used to describe someone with mental illness. â€Å"And the history of slavery indicates that African Americans who tried to escape their white masters were often labeled as suffering from drapetomania, defined as a sickness that makes the person desire freedom.† (Sue, David). Now, Psychologists use terms out of the DSM-IV to describe people with mental illness. (Autonomous). Using this method of labeling people who have a mental illness has its pros and cons.   Cons of labeling people: making a diagnosis is simply the act of labeling the person, once labeled he or she may have difficulty overcoming the label, having a hard time identifying themselves without the disease (having the disease define who they are, instead of the disease just being the disease), and may lose hope of recovery.(Lain). Pros of labeling people: provides patients with a means of com municating about what is going on with their body to other people, helps identify and to find support, some people are relieved when they learn that the symptoms they are experiencing have a name, and offers a sense of hope and personal control over the illness.(Lain). Labeling a person who has a mental illness may do more harm than good. Words have a powerful meaning, though we are taught to say â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.† Words have more of an impact on us then we would like to admit. Words can be used to hurt other people. (Jack Bragen). â€Å"Hitler once braded the Jews as abnormal.† (Sue, David). People, once labeled or have a diagnosis, forget who they once were as people, and start to let the diagnosis define who they are as people. This can be bad for the patient, because they not lose themselves, but they start to lose hope with the treatment itself. This also will occur when people try and diagnosis themselves. Thomas Szasz, a health professional, has stated that â€Å". . . mental illness is a myth, a fictional creation by society used to control and change people.†(Sue, David). A person who knows their diagnosis may become consumed with the diagnosis. The person could make this their whole life, and use their diagnosis to validate their behaviors, saying they cannot help it, and their behavior cannot change. Some people will choose to hide behind their diagnosis, and never try and get better. (Lain). The people who like to get attention for their behaviors may benefit from getting the opportunity to use their diagnosis to excuse everything they do or say. If the person becomes too consumed with their diagnosis of a mental illness the patient may start to lose most or all hope in being treated. The person can become overwhelmed with their diagnosis, and from this feeling alone assume they will feel this way for the rest of their lives. (Autonomous). Though there are some downsides to labeling people with a mental illness there are some positives. Giving someone a label may help them better communicate to others about what is going on with their bodies to other people. With this label people are more able to know how to handle a situation. If someone for example says they have autism, the person who they are speaking to will know that they may not like close contact, and eye contact. This will help the person learning about the diagnosis not to be offended if they arent receiving the same communication skills back in return. (Lain). By the patient receiving information about their mental illness, they are able to find support groups. Often times people feel alone when they hear about their diagnosis, but once the patient hears they are not the only ones, this can create a sense of comfort. People who around others that know exactly what they are going through have a better chance of succeeding in their treatment, because of all the support they are receiving.   When a patient hears there is a name to what they have been experiencing they feel a sense of comfort knowing what is going on with their bodies. Knowing the name of their diagnosis gives can give people a sense of hope and power of their diagnosis. They could also feel more involved in their treatment process. (Lain). â€Å"The DSM-IV is not used to categorize people, but to categorize conditions or disorders that people have† from a website titled, â€Å"All about Depression.† (Dr. Prentiss). It is important to know that people must say the diagnosis right that we do not say for example that Sarah is cancer, we say Sarah has cancer. By saying the diagnosis this way patients look at their diagnosis as part of them, instead of the diagnosis being them. The disadvantages of labeling people: making a diagnosis is simply the act of labeling the person, once labeled he or she may have difficulty overcoming the label, having a hard time identifying themselves without the disease (having the disease define who they are, instead of the disease just being the disease), and may lose hope of recovery. (Lain). The positives of labeling people: provides patients with a means of communicating about what is going on with their body to other people, helps identify and to find support, some people ar e relieved when they learn that the symptoms they are experiencing have a name, and offers a sense of hope and personal control over the illness. (Lain). By labeling people with mental illness the â€Å"psychologist can attempt to identify the causes of the disorders in order to design a program of treatment.†(Sue, David).

OSI Model Essay -- Computers Networking Technology Essays

OSI Model Introduction Successful communication of any type contains four key characteristics. These characteristics follow: 1. A sender: This is the person who is sending information. 2. A receiver: This is the person the sender is sending the information to. 3. A common language: If the sender and receiver are going to understand each other, they will need a common language and protocol, or specific method of communicating. 4. A common medium: The sender and receiver could choose whether to communicate in person, by telephone, writing or any other method that both can agree on. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model attempts to define and standardize these key communication characteristics for computer networks. It does so by breaking communication between computers into seven specific layers. Each layer performs specific tasks relative to achieving communication. This paper will address the layers by explaining what they do individually and how they work together as a whole. Each OSI layer labels the piece of data that it processes before passing it on to the next level. The next layer could be either above the current layer of below the current layer depending on whether the computer is receiving or sending data. For purposes of this paper, the layers will be described in top down fashion beginning with application and ending with the physical layer. This simulates the theoretical method that a computer sends data. When receiving data, the layers are reversed and the data flows from the physical up to the application layer. .. ...rk which companies use to develop network protocols. Each layer of the model was discussed separately. These layers are: Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Protocol stacks allow computers to communicate with each other over the network even when they have different applications and operating systems. Sources Cited 1. http://frontpage.idsonline.com/sallard/MCSE/Net%20Ess/OSI%20Model.html 2. http://eratosthenes.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/informatik/pi4/lectures/RN/CN-Title/form/basosie.htm 3. http://www.matcmp.sunynassau.edu/~kaplans/classes/osimodel.htm 4. http://www.atlantic-tech.com/osimodel.htm

Creative Technology entry in the US market. Political factors that can affect its operations Essay

Introduction There are various political factors that can affect the operation of the Creative Technology in the US market.   First the company will be required to comply with the various government regulations that affect the pricing and the entire production process. The company also needs to comply with the various tax systems that are present in the American economy ( Donici, Maha, Ignat & Maha,2012).   In addition the company is also required to comply with the various trading agreement of the companies that operate in the industry. The US government is also known to have to have minimum intervention on the business which will in turn help to ensure that the business is able to achieve its objective (Shaw, 2007).   The political stability currently enjoyed by the US government will also play a critical role in helping to ensure the company achieves its strategic growth objective in the US market. Domestic approach that might change Building a strong brand The company need first ensure that it concentrate on building a strong brand in the US market. Though building a strong brand the company can therefore be able to achieve to capture the interest of the consumer and therefore ensure the company achieves its strategic growth objectives. According to Ryan & Jones (2012) building a strong brand can help to create the necessary emotional connections with the target consumers. Most importantly building a strong brand will help the company to compete with some of the companies that are leading in the sale of the earphone in the US market. Adopting online sales and marketing Online sales and marketing is current becoming one of the most important factors that helps to ensure that various business survive in US domestic market ( Donici et al.,2012). There is therefore need for the company to adopt the online sales and marking strategies in order to ensure it reaches its target consumers. In this case the company needs to set up a website that has an accurate reflection of the company goals and objectives. Reference Ryan, D., & Jones, C. (2012). Understanding digital marketing: Marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. DONICI, A., MAHA, A., IGNAT, I., & MAHA, L. (2012). E-Commerce across United States of America: Amazon.com. Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition, 15(1), 252-258. Shaw, S. (2007). Airline marketing and management. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Frankenstein Essays (395 words) - Frankenstein, Romanticism

Frankenstein Essays (395 words) - Frankenstein, Romanticism Frankenstein Philip Hwang Per 1 Mc Cracken 9/5/00 Summer Reading Drearier enough it all began with a choice to chose what was to be read this summer. Many book to select from, yet one with a magical tone to it caught my eye, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Reading it gave a 2nd person point of view, interchanging with Dr. Frankenstein and his creation. I read it as if it were to express feelings of the characters within the book. The characters showed compassion and love and yet with anger and rage. Setting the mood Merry Shelley started off with a death to create the feeling of a mysterious story. Later on to make you think with the speak of Frankensteins on pondering if it were just and lawful to create a human. Than, beginning to unfold the results of creating a monstrous thing and the feelings towards it. With the effects of the words written your mind is set to evil thoughts. With all in irony to later have the monster show compassion and love. The heart of the monster was yearning to share love and to receive love by another female. Finishing with the results with the monster receiving his own utopia. Bibliography Philip Hwang Per 1 Mc Cracken 9/5/00 Summer Reading Drearier enough it all began with a choice to chose what was to be read this summer. Many book to select from, yet one with a magical tone to it caught my eye, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Reading it gave a 2nd person point of view, interchanging with Dr. Frankenstein and his creation. I read it as if it were to express feelings of the characters within the book. The characters showed compassion and love and yet with anger and rage. Setting the mood Merry Shelley started off with a death to create the feeling of a mysterious story. Later on to make you think with the speak of Frankensteins on pondering if it were just and lawful to create a human. Than, beginning to unfold the results of creating a monstrous thing and the feelings towards it. With the effects of the words written your mind is set to evil thoughts. With all in irony to later have the monster show compassion and love. The heart of the monster was yearning to share love and to receive love by another female. Finishing with the results with the monster receiving his own utopia.

Chinese Wedding Dresses

Chinese Wedding Dresses At most Chinese weddings, the bride wears a qipao. At many Chinese weddings, the bride wears more than one Chinese wedding dress. Most brides opt for three dresses one red qipao, one white, Western-style wedding gown, and a third ball gown. The bride will begin the wedding banquet with one dress of these dresses. After three courses are served, the bride usually changes into her second Chinese wedding dress. After the sixth course, the bride will change once again into her third Chinese wedding dress. Some brides may opt for a fourth Chinese wedding dress to be worn as when greeting guests as they leave the wedding party. The groom typically wears one or two suits. While some grooms may opt for a traditional Zhongshan suit  or Mao suit, it is more likely to see older guests wearing a Mao suit. Instead, most grooms wear tuxedos or Western-style business suits. In addition to the Chinese wedding dresses worn on the wedding day, the bride and groom may either wear the same dresses for their Chinese wedding photos or wear a completely different set of clothing. Wedding guests usually wear bright colors especially red which symbolizes luck and wealth in Chinese culture. Guests should avoid white, which is reserved for the bride, and black, which is considered a somber color. More About Chinese Weddings How to Plan a Traditional Chinese WeddingAll About Chinese EngagementsWhat to Know About Chinese Wedding GiftsChinese Wedding Rituals

My research paper needs to be on how the government addressed past

My needs to be on how the government addressed past economic downturns and recoveries, what caused them and wha - Research Paper Example The government has been responsible to respond to the poor health of the economy, struggling to find a way in which to regain ground so that the millions of those suffering economically could recover. The many avenues towards economic health that the government has taken have been wide and varied, depending on the policies and the platform of those who were in office. The first true crises of the 20th century occurred in 1929 as the collapse of an ill-conceived stock market plan led to the collapse of industry within the United States. The 1930’s was a time filled with the doom of her citizens, the hard economic times creating a void that left many without jobs, without hope, and without enough to sustain their families. The 1940’s saw an economic challenge of a different kind as World War II took a great deal of resources that meant that citizens had to make significant sacrifices. However, the war led into the 1950’s, a time in which the innovations from the te chnologies that were created from the wartime efforts provided for a surge in commerce, the beginning of a global economy providing for high levels of income for Americans. The 1970’s saw the United States in a state of a recession with many losing their jobs and a notable shift in the way in which employment was viewed became a part of the sociological landscape. Black Thursday On the day that would come to be called Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, the stock market fell 34 points, which represented a 9% drop for the day. The extremity of the day was caused by a selling panic, driving the prices down and losing billions for investors. The simple answer about how it was caused was because of the speculator boom, but the causes were far more complex than the traditional answer to this question. The market was in a highly sensitive state by that fateful day, some of which was due to the real estate decline starting in 1925, some due to simply because the fear of a crash caused a run that caused a crash. The market had come to a high plateau and the fear of the end had caused the inevitable end. The rising stock prices were less due to value than to speculation manipulations. As an example, RCA was worth $1.32 in 1925, $6.15 in 1927, and $15.98 in 1928 before the stock split (Bierman, 1998, p. 9). The 1920’s represented a rise in technological advancements that affected the nature of American life. The automobile industry evolved during this period and the innovations of the Ford company in assembly line management and the level of wage paid to the workers created a working atmosphere in which the middle class was being born. Money was flowing and people were experiencing a new level of comfort that had never before been experienced. However, when the crash took all of that away, the resulting depression plummeted that emerging middle class into a poverty that was unprecedented on American soil. Farmers experienced losses that could never have been predicted, food prices at all time lows. Market Prices as they Plummet (Crewe & Ingram, 2005, p. 20) Homelessness was rife and ’Hooverville’s popped up all over consisting of huts in urban landscapes without electricity, water, or sanitation, named after President Hoover as ultimately,

Compare the LandAllotment Strategy used with the Choctaws with the Essay

Compare the LandAllotment Strategy used with the Choctaws with the Treaty Strategy that was applied to the Cherokee. What are the key differences between both - Essay Example While none of tribes were happy about this removal policy, simple demographics placed different tribes on different footing. Georgia, for instance, was the only one of the original American states in which Indians controlled the majority of the land on American independence (Anderson, 1991). Land allotments, therefore, would have defeated the purpose of removal. The status quo, in terms of land ownership, would have been preserved in large part. This, in addition to the discovery of gold in 1829 and the United States Supreme Court's refusal to treat the Cherokee as an independent nation, compelled a tougher stance. This tougher stance resulted in the Treaty of New Echota of 1835. This treaty strategy was based on a simple land swap philosophy. The Cherokee would cede their lands in Georgia and receive new lands in Oklahoma. There was no provision made for land allotments and the treaty became a heated topic among the Cherokee. More particularly, the majority opposed the treaty and rejected removal while a minority supported the treaty. The treaty party left voluntarily in 1836 and resettled in Oklahoma; the majority, however, refused to leave Georgia (Wallace, 1993). As a result, military troops were called in and these Cherokee were forced at gunpoint to leave Georgia and to walk to their new lands in Oklahoma. The consequences were extraordinarily severe. This forced march, known as the Trail of Tears, took place in the winter and the Cherokee had inadequate food supplies and inadequate clothing and shelter. Many Cherokee died of hunger and disease. There was nothing flexible about the Treaty of New Echota, it was signed by an unrepresentative minority, an d the consequences were devastating to many Cherokee. Choctaw and the Land Allotment Strategy The Choctaw also signed a treaty; significantly, however, this treaty provided a type of opt-out clause. This opt-out clause has come to be known as the land allotment strategy and it provided that under certain conditions the Choctaw, individually, could opt to receive certain land allotments in lieu of removal. Thus, some Choctaw could remain in the state of Mississippi as provided in Article Fourteen of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Each Choctaw head of a family being desirous to remain and become a citizen of the States, shall be permitted to do so, by signifying his intention to the Agent within six months from the ratification of this Treaty, and he or she shall thereupon be entitled to a reservation of one section of six hundred and forty acres of land, to be bounded by sectional lines of survey; in like manner shall be entitled to one half that quantity for each unmarried child which is living with him over ten years of age; and a quarter section to such child as may be under 10 years of age, to adjoin the location of the parent. If they reside upon said lands intending to become citizens of the States for five years after the ratification of this Treaty, in that case a grant in fee simple shall issue; said reservation shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it. Persons who

Case study 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study 2 - Assignment Example During the midmorning snack, Jim will be offered one cup of plain yogurt, Mona will take one half cup of cooked pastas while Kora will be offered  ¼ cup of cottage cheese. During the mid afternoon snack Jim will take 1  ½ ounces of cheddar cheese, Mona will take 1  ½ cup of cooked rice, while Kora will have 1 egg (Marotz, 2011). Mona who is allergic to wheat is likely to have a shortage of carbohydrates and fiber; he will lack nutrients such as calcium, iron, riboflavin, and thiamin. Jim who does do take milk will lack enough proteins and nutrients such as calcium, while Kara will have a deficiency of vitamins especially vitamin B. Peanuts is also a good source of proteins. In order to meet their nutritional needs they are supposed to be given food such as puddings, cheese, yogurt for Jim, pastas, rice for Mola, and legumes, meat, beans or eggs for Kola. As a teacher, one should also ensure that we have the approval of the child’s physician before giving any treatment to any child with allergy symptoms. We should ensure that children do not use their allergies as a way of getting attention or seeking special privileges (Marotz,

A Mythical Roadmap of the Movie Cars Essay Example for Free

A Mythical Roadmap of the Movie Cars Essay The first stage of separation is the call to adventure. Followed by the refusal of the call and the crossing of a threshold. Call to Adventure: In most situations, this call becomes the subject of the story or the plot of the movie. For Lightning, he thinks his call to adventure comes over the Public Announcement System when the tie-breaking race in California is announced. While this may be the obvious choice, but I don’t think that it is. We need to look at Lightning as the potential hero and observes how he grows over the course of the journey. He doesn’t grow in skill as a driver. He ran his first race at the beginning of the movie a lot better than the race at the end. The call to adventure is not always the destination, but the road leading to the destination. The adventure is in the hero’s growth. The growth that Lightning experiences is in his ability to have and appreciate friends. As cheesy as it sounds, the call to adventure for this movie is the call to find friendship. Refusal of the Call: The refusal of the call happened during the first race when Lightning refused the help and friendship around him. Let’s admit it, Lightning was a jerk. He alienated the people who tried to help him. Three different crew chiefs quit on him during the one season he’s been racing. His arrogance at the end of the first race was so bad his entire crew quit on him. Another example of Lightnings Refusal was his initial refusal to pave the road he destroyed in Radiator Springs. It was through his paving the road that he learned the lessons of the journey. Crossing the Threshold: The symbolism of the thresholds in the movie are found in the highways that Mack and Lightning re traveling. The â€Å"Mother Road† on Route 66 is significantly more important as it is on the Mother Road that we meet the Threshold Guardian, embodied by the Sheriff. As Lightning is frantically trying to find the interstate and Mack, he speeds pas a sleepy Sheriff’s speed trap. The local sheriff begins to follow him with sirens going. Instead of stopping, Lightening goes through a chain of events throug h the forgotten town of Radiator Spring destroying the main road and other property and landing himself in jail, or the impound. This leads to the initiation phase, which can be summarized by the road of trials, the meeting with the goddess, and apotheosis. Road of Trials: The neat part of the Road of Trials step in Cars is that they are somewhat associated with an actual road, in this case, Route 66 or the Mother Road. As Lightning began to face his trails during the movie, he began by failing them. Lighting’s failure in his encounter with the threshold guardian, the Sheriff, resulted in the destruction of the road. When Doc challenged Lightning to a race, Lightning again failed due to his arrogance and lack of experience racing on dirt. The turning point on his road of trials came in the pasture where he and Mater, the local tow truck, were tipping tractors. Lightning successfully tipped all of the tractors by revving his engine. He was also successful in escaping from Frank the Combine. There, Lightning’s luck changed and he was able to fix the road, learn to race on dirt and redeem himself from his earlier failures. The Meeting with the Goddess: I had a couple of options in picking the goddess who Lightning would meet. Since Lightning is a male, I began looking at the female characters. Had the hero been a woman, I would have included the male characters in my search. One important part of identifying the Gods and Goddesses is to not get hung up on their gender but on how the character fills the role. I first went to Sally Carrera, a 2002 Porsche Carrera, as a possibility for the goddess, but I needed to remember not to confuse the romantic interest with the goddess. The goddess that Lightning has to meet needs to be associated with a trial or test that he had to pass in order to continue on his journey. The character that I identified as the goddess, was not a main character, she didn’t even have any speaking lines. The goddess was Bessie. Bessie is the name given to the road paving machine that Lightning had to drag at a snails pace to fix the road. I chose Bessie because she was the symbolic and literal obstacle that was keeping Lightning in town. To leave town, Bessie would have to be on the other end of the road with smooth pavement behind her. Lightning challenged Bessie’s role as his captor when he tried to speed up the process of fixing the road by quickly laying down the asphalt that he later had to scrape up. When Lightning was put in his place, humbled, and respectful of Bessie’s role as the goddess, he could begin to accomplish the task before him. Apotheosis: The step of apotheosis or becoming the father or god began when Lightning discovered that Doc was a retired race car. Discovering Doc’s Piston Cups and watching Doc race helped Lightning to realize that he could learn something from Doc and he quickly regretted not listening to the advice Doc previously offered. The true point of apotheosis comes during the final race when Lighting takes things learned from his time in Radiator Springs and used it to position himself for the win. This includes driving backwards using rear view mirrors and driving on the dirt infield during a spin-out that helped him take the lead. Even though he did not win the race, or the cup, as Doc had, it was Lightning’s to give up. He became the race car that Doc would be proud to know. The third and final stage of Lightning’s journey is the return, characterized by a refusal to return, the crossing of another threshold, the mastery of two worlds, and the freedom to live. The next three step follow each other in very rapid succession. The refusal came when Mack and the rest of the media came to bring Lightning back to the â€Å"real† world. Lightning didn’t want to go. He had fallen for the temptress, Sally, and was ready to abandon his journey. Luckily for him, Sally told him it was okay to go and he left, returning to the world he left behind. The magic flight out of the fantastical world in this story had been combined with the crossing of the return threshold. Mack the truck carries Lightning out of Radiator Springs and onto California. The events surrounding this is discussed a little more when we talk about crossing the return threshold. During Lightning’s stay in Radiator Springs, he became more attached to the people there. It is easy to imagine that he would give up the California race if that meant he could stay with Sally and the residents of the town. The sweet ambrosia of friendship he tasted there was more powerful that the desire to have the Piston Cup. As demonstrated in the movie, there were three aspects to this rescue from without. First is how the media was notified by Doc of Lightning’s location. Second, is Mack with the media entourage barreling into town to take Lightning away. And third, Harv the agent reminds Lighting about the Race, Dinoco, and his rival Chick Hicks. Doc, Mack, Harv, and the media each helped to rescue Lightning. Reluctantly, he allows himself to be rescued and backs into Mack’s trailer for the magic flight to California. The Crossing of the Return Threshold: In the step of crossing the return threshold, we see the return of the Sheriff in his role as the threshold guardian. He and Sally stopped Lightning from leaving by siphoning his gas tank on his first night in the impound. Later, the Sheriff almost had to go after him before Sally and Lightning went on their ride to the Wheel Well. After Lightning finishes paving the road, and thus completing his road of trials, the Sheriff changes his demeanor and is ready to give Lightning a police escort to help Lightning get to the race on time. In the Sheriff’s role as the threshold guardian, he has released Lightning from â€Å"captivity† and it is now Lightning’s â€Å"refusal to return† that is keeping him there. Lightning crosses the return threshold as he takes his magical flight in Mack’s trailer. One part of crossing the return threshold is that the fantastical world, or the world forgotten, becomes forgotten again. Lightning had become a catalyst of life and energy culminating with everyone in Radiator Springs cruising under the neon lights. When Lightning had left town, Doc finally got what he originally wanted. After a tongue lashing from Sally, Doc quietly sat there as everyone left him alone. He sat there thinking about what he had done as the neon lights turned off, one by one. The world forgotten returned to its anonymity as Doc sat on the darkened road, under the traffic light’s flashing yellow signal. Perhaps the saddest moment in the movie. Master of the Two Worlds: The second to last step in the journey is when the hero becomes the master of the two worlds. This is done by finding the ultimate boon and sharing it with those around him. Since the Ultimate boon in the gift of friendship, it is shared in two situations. First, Lightning shares his friendship to the residents of Radiator Springs when he becomes the customer of all of their stores. They share their friendship back when they show up to be his pit crew. Most notably is Doc acting as the crew chief. Lightning did not show his friendship to Doc in the same manner as he did to the others until he helped King across the finish line. Another large sharing of friendship is where he arranges for Mater to take a helicopter ride over Radiator Springs. Freedom to Live: The Freedom to live is shown primarily in the epilogue after the race. Lightning has merged his two worlds together and can now freely live in the racing world but still be with his friends, especially Sally. Lightning literally puts Radiator Springs back on the map when he moves his racing headquarters to the small town. Also, Lightning becomes a new man, or car, as shown by his new paint job, inspired by the classic 1957 Chevy. In many ways, I have found this journey to be similar to that of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh begins his journey at home as the restless king. He soon meets his helper Enkidu and the two of them go off on their adventure to the forest to defeat Humbaba. Enkidu dies. This prompts the grief stricken Gilgamesh to cross the Threshold of Adventure to seek the answer to immortality. While in the underworld/other world Gilgamesh passes many tests before he meets Utnapishtim and his wife who help him find the magical flower of everlasting life. But Gilgamesh loses the magic plant in his Peak Experience to the trickster snake who steals immortality for itself. So Gilgamesh returns home with the boon, the understanding that immortality is reserved for the gods and that he is human. He will experience death and he realizes that he must live his life and enjoy it. So he writes down his tale to spread the word to his people. As a result, Gilgamesh’s journey comes full circle just as Lightning McQueen’s had in the movie. For this reason, I have concluded that all heroes must use the phases of the journey mentioned in this paper. Though the sequence of the steps may change, they are almost always taken.

Autarky and Economics Questions and Answers

Autarky and Economics Questions and Answers   Question 1 (a). Write down the problem of an agent that maximizes ex-ante utility in autarky. Find the conditions that characterise the allocation in autarky. Explain how the allocation changes with ÃŽ ². Autarky is a situation where no trading takes place between agents. Each agent needs to provide for his own needs in an autarky, ie he independently chooses the amount of I that he wants to invest in the long run technology. The issue of liquidity insurance arises here. Every agent wants to maximise his ex-ante utility but the problem is that at time t=0 he does not know about his type whether he wants to consume early at t=1 or late at t=2 resulting in asymmetric information. Hence, there is a risk that more than is optimal may be invested. The conditions that characterise the allocation in autarky are bounded by the constraints of C1 and C2. If agent decides to consume early, he will get savings (1-I) and liquidated investment (É ­I). C1 = 1 I + É ­I = 1 I (1-É ­) If agent decides to consume late, he will obtain savings (1-I) and returns from investment (RI). C2 = 1 I + RI = 1 + I(R-1) Agent will choose his consumer profile (C1, C2) that will maximise his ex-ante utility U based on the above constraints. However, the allocation is not efficient in autarky as shown in the next part of the question. Max U(C1,C2) = u(C1) + ÃŽ ²u(C2) = [1 I + É ­I]+ [1 I + RI]= 2+ É ­I + RI We set up the lagrangian method to explain the allocation changes in ÃŽ ² where the constraint in the below equation is the maximum utility. L = Ï€u(C1) + (1-Ï€)ÃŽ ²u(C2) + ÃŽ »[2+ É ­I + ÃŽ ²RI] = Ï€ + ÃŽ »Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ­I = 0 = (1- Ï€)ÃŽ ² + ÃŽ »RI = 0 = 2+ É ­I + ÃŽ ²RI = 0 Complementary Slackness Condition: ÃŽ »*[2+ É ­I + ÃŽ ²RI] = 0 If values were given for the variables, we could even have solved and get the value of ÃŽ ². If a value close to zero is obtained for ÃŽ ², it means agent is impatient anda value close to one indicates that agent is patient. This argument is further supported by the marginal rate of substitution concept where = R. If ÃŽ ²=0, no returns obtained as the agent wants to consume immediately. If ÃŽ ²=1, returns will result for the patient agent. Hence, it shows that the discount factor ÃŽ ² will not change the basic results of the model. (b) Write down the conditions that characterise the Pareto-optimal allocation. Show that autarky is not efficient. Explain how the allocation changes with ÃŽ ². The conditions that characterise the allocation in autarky are bounded by the constraints of C1 and C2. Ï€1C1 = 1 I    => C1 = (1-Ï€)C2= RI  Ã‚   => C2 = The constraints can be combined in a single one. Ï€1C1 + (1-Ï€)= 1 The key result is that allocation is inefficient in autarky as shown below: Recall in autarky: C1 = 1 I + É ­I = 1 I (1-É ­)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C2 = 1 I + RI = 1 + I(R-1) If C1 < 1 (unless I = 0) and C2 < R (unless I = 1), then combining these two facts we obtain Ï€1C1 + Ï€2 < 1 which states that efficiency is not reached. It is true as less money and fewer resources exist in an autarky than in Pareto optimal allocation as no trade occurs. Therefore, consumption level is lower in autarky. Max U(C1,C2) = u(C1) + ÃŽ ²u(C2) = + ÃŽ ² We set up the lagrangian method to explain the allocation changes in ÃŽ ² where the constraint in the below equation is the maximum utility. L = Ï€u(C1) + (1-Ï€)ÃŽ ²u(C2) + ÃŽ »[ + ÃŽ ² ] = Ï€ + ÃŽ »Ã‚   = 0 = (1- Ï€)ÃŽ ² + ÃŽ » ÃŽ ² = 0 = + ÃŽ ² = 0 Complementary Slackness Condition: ÃŽ »*[ + ÃŽ ² ] = 0 If values were given for the variables, we could even have solved and get the value of ÃŽ ². If a value close to zero is obtained for ÃŽ ², it means agent is impatient anda value close to one indicates that agent is patient. The argument of marginal rate of substitution is also applicable here where = R. If ÃŽ ²=0, no returns obtained as the agent wants to consume immediately. If ÃŽ ²=1, returns will result for the patient agent. Hence, it shows that the discount factor ÃŽ ² will not change the basic results of the model. (c) Assume the agents are now infinitely risk-averse. That is U(c1,c2) = min{c1,c2}. What is the Pareto-optimal allocation? Pareto optimal is an allocation of resources where it is impossible to distribute resources without making at least one consumer worst off. Pareto optimal is the best outcome that could result in an economy with trade taking place and thus there is higher consumption level. It is like a desired state where assets are increased for patient people and consumption is increased for impatient people. The Pareto optimal allocation for risk neutral agents satisfies the following first order condition: UÊ ¹(C1) / UÊ ¹(C2) = R which means that agents would like to equate the marginal rate of substitution between consumption levels at t=1 and t=2 with the returns on the long run technology. When U(c1,c2) = min[c1,c2], it shows agents attitude to risk aversion. The pareto optimal allocation for the risk averse agent is u(C1) + πΠ²u(C2G) + (1-Ï€)ÃŽ ²u(C2B) where the superscripts G and B denote good and bad state respectively. L = u(C1) + πΠ²u(C2G) + (1-Ï€)ÃŽ ²u(C2B) + ÃŽ »[u(C1)] The concaved utility function states that agents prefer to consume more to less and shows how consumption is smoothed out over time and across states in the future. The agent is risk averse in the sense that he does not want consumption in the bad state at t=2 to be too much different from consumption at t=1. Question 2 (a) Write down the incentive constraint of the bank. How does collateral aà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect the repayment R the bank can promise? Banks, regarded as information sharing coalitions, can easily overcome the problem of asymmetric information of investors. It is assumed that banks will use the signaling tool to invest in high quality projects which will benefit the investors. Banks are expected to behave in such a way that will maximise investors interest. The firm chooses the good project if pH(y-Ru-Rm) > pL(y-Ru-Rm) + b  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =>   Ru + Rm < y- The bank must also be encouraged to monitor the project: pHRm C > pLRm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =>  Ã‚   Rm > The bank will borrow only least possible amount from banks as bank finance is more expensive than direct finance. Im = Im (ÃŽ ²) ≠¡ =    where ÃŽ ² denotes expected rate of return. The bank will collect get the remaining finance Iu =    from uninformed investors. Hence, the banks incentive constraint binds. Using the incentive constraints we have: Ru < y- which states: Iu < [y ]   indicating that the project will only be financed if: A + Iu + Im > 1  Ã‚   =>   A > (ÃŽ ²,r) ≠¡ 1 Im(ÃŽ ²) [y ] Other constraints would include a lack of monitoring from the bank giving rise to the probability of non-monitoring pL and the inability to dispose the collateral, ie if the collateral appreciates, the bank will not be able to sell it until loan to investors has been repaid. The collateral, usually in the form of assets, plays the role of a guarantee that banks give to investors as a security in case of failure of the project. Collateral is also seen as an alternative to monitoring as it saves efforts and reduces the risk of the bank. à Ã‚ µ ∈ (0,1) can be interpreted as if K is close to one, bank will be able to refund the money to investors whereas if K is close to zero, bank will be unable to repay back the loan. A better collateral equals better chance of getting money back as the bank will prefer to behave or else it will lose the collateral. If the project is successful with expected probability p, the bank will gain returns X which will be used to refund the loan to investors and claim back the collateral. The higher the returns from the project, the bank will be able to distribute partly between the investors and keep partly as its own profits. In case of failure of the project, the bank will obtain zero returns and is then unable to repay R to the investors. The latter will seize the collateral and will liquidate it to gain maximum money from it as refund of their investment in the unsuccessful project. (b) Suppose investors have all the bargaining power. Write down their objective, find the optimal contract and their equilibrium profits. If investors have all the bargaining power, they will be able to influence the project financing process significantly and dictate their terms. The objective of investors is to obtain maximum returns X from the project. They will want to have full details about the project to ensure that the bank is choosing a high quality project (ÃŽ ¸) rather than making an adverse selection. Investors delegate the monitoring of the project to the bank as the latter has comparative advantage in monitoring activities hence monitoring costs will be reduced. Investors will use monitoring and auditing as tools to be free from asymmetric information and to improve efficiency. They will expect close monitoring and continuous feedback on the project from the bank. The optimal contract for investors will be where lending will be most profitable and the below equation is taken from the Diamond Model (1984): E[y] > 1 + r + C = E[y] > 1 + 1 + C = E[y] > 2+ C where E[y] = Returns from investment r = risk free rate, equal to 1 in the question C = monitoring costs The optimal contract is bounded by the break-even constraint of uninformed investors implying an upper bound on Iu: pHRu > (1 + r)  Ã‚   =>  Ã‚   Iu < < [y ] Equilibrium profits of the investors will be at a feasible break-even point, usually where demand equals to supply: A + Iu + Im > 1  Ã‚   =>   A > (ÃŽ ²,r) ≠¡ 1 Im(ÃŽ ²) [y ] (c) For which value of K can the bank borrow and invest? The value of the collateral must be either equal or slightly higher than the investment in project (I) and monitoring costs (C) to encourage investors to finance the project as a lower value of the collateral will not attract them. K = I + C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   or  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   K > I + C Ideally if K > I + C, this will attract more investors to finance the project and in turn banks will be able to borrow from them and invest in the project. Question 3 (a) If A ≠¥ A3, the firm issues high-quality public debt (public debt that has a high probability of being re-paid) We will discuss circumstances when the entrepreneur can issue high quality public debt: Well-capitalised firms [A > ] can issue direct debt as they possess high capital. Low credit risk High quality public debt refers that the entrepreneur is likely to meet payment obligations. This type of public debt is an attractive investment vehicle as it has a low risk of default. High dilution costs Good reputed firms can issue direct debt only if Ï€s >    where Ï€s is the probability of repayment at t=2, conditionally on success at t=0 and given all firms are monitored at t=0. It is assumed that monitoring cost c is small such that    in the credit market at equilibrium. The entrepreneur has incentive to issue high quality public debt at a rate of    when as the latter equation means high probability of success. The economic interpretation is when project is successful, returns (R) are obtained. The entrepreneur cannot ask for more than R as the firm will also keep some profits for itself. Every party in the transaction is happy and is in equilibrium when a good project is undertaken. (b) If A3 > A ≠¥ A2, the firm borrows from a monitor (and from uninformed investors) We will analyse circumstances when the firm borrows from a monitor and uninformed investors: Firms with medium capital [(ÃŽ ²,r) < A < ] borrow from banks. Firms borrow from banks when they suffer from high credit risk and high dilution costs because banks can provide efficient renegotiation in case of default and can limit dilution costs though there will be an intermediation cost involved. Uninformed investors are ready to invest Iu in exchange of return Ru upon successful project. Firms must be encouraged to choose good project pH(y Ru) > pL (y- Ru) + B  Ã‚   Ru < y When the firm falls short of capital to issue a direct debt, it can borrow Im from banks (with return Rm if project succeeds) and Iu from uninformed investors (with return Ru if project succeeds). The firm chooses the good project if pH(y-Ru-Rm) > pL(y-Ru-Rm) + b  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =>   Ru + Rm < y- The bank must also be encouraged to monitor the project: pHRm C > pLRm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =>  Ã‚   Rm > The bank will borrow only least possible amount from banks as bank finance is more expensive than direct finance. Im = Im (ÃŽ ²) ≠¡ =    where ÃŽ ² denotes expected rate of return. The bank will collect get the remaining finance Iu = from uninformed investors Hence, the banks incentive constraint binds. Two conditions are necessary for bank lending to be in equilibrium in credit market: (i) Monitoring cost must be less than the returns of the good project pH G 1 > c (ii) Direct lending which is cheaper must be impossible. pHRc < 1 Firm should borrow from a monitor (for example a bank) and from uninformed investors at intermediate probability of success when pH ] at a rate of R = . (c) If A2 > A ≠¥ A1, the firm issues junk bonds (public debt that has a low probability of success) We will discuss circumstances when the firm issues junk bonds: It is possible that firms with medium capital [(ÃŽ ²,r) < A < ] issue junk bonds. High credit risk- Junk bonds refer to bonds with low credit quality and high default risk. They are attractive to risk seeker investors due to their high yielding returns. Low dilution costs as it limits exposure to bad firms but involves inefficient bankruptcy costs for good firms. The zero profit condition for investors is: 1 = pR + (1- p) A This nominal return R is feasible (R < y) if py + (1- p) A > 1 and the expected profit of good firms is then: Ï€B = p (y- R)+ py By substituting R, we will obtain: Ï€B = 2py 1 + (1- p) A When the monitoring element c is added, the monitor can reduce the entrepreneurs private benefit of misbehaving from B to b. pH > c >(pH −pL) R−pH If R > Rc, the firm will issue junk bonds with low probability of success. This states that the firm is indebted and have too much risk associated with it. The economic interpretation out of it is that the entrepreneur will ask for higher returns but the firm will not afford to provide it. This will lead the entrepreneur to choose the bad project and disequilibrium occurs. Hence, such a combination is not feasible because the maximum repayment is K. (d) If A1 > A, the firm does not invest We will analyse circumstances when the firm cannot invest: Firms with low capital [A < (ÃŽ ²,r)] can neither invest nor borrow. Venture capitalists are the only solution for such firms. When monitoring costs are added, if pH <    it means there is a small probability of success. The equilibrium consists of no trade taking place and the credit market collapses because good projects cannot be funded and bad projects have a negative net present value. Hence, the firm should not invest as there is no trade equilibrium. References Frexias X. and Rochet J-C., (2006) Microeconomics of Banking, 2nd Edition